Let me introduce you to Ray and Janine.

Ray is an experienced entrepreneur with a fast-growing service business and several successful exits behind him. After 15 years, he knows exactly what he needs to focus on and it’s not content marketing.

In order to meet his aggressive business goals, Ray knows he needs to assemble a lean marketing team that can handle the marketing strategy and execution. He wants more time with his family, so he’s focused on leveraging his time.

Janine is an in-demand online coach with a passion for teaching. Her core offering is a premium membership program with dozens of hours of training materials.

Her content is top-notch, but it’s all behind a paid membership. She’s frustrated with her current marketing and doesn’t have time to create even more content.

You know what’s peculiar about Ray and Janine? They don’t exist. Not physically, anyway.

These two people are fictional avatars of our target clients at Fluxe. They represent the types of people we want to attract and help.

Ray and Janine are buyer personas created from a strategic template.

What Is a Buyer Persona?

A buyer persona (sometimes called an audience persona or customer persona) is a collection of detailed information about your target customer. It’s a profile that represents the person most likely to buy your product or service.

It contains all the actionable information you need to craft effective messaging, imagery and offers.With all that information gathered in one place, your buyer persona becomes a point of reference that informs you on what to write and, perhaps more importantly, what not to write. 

For instance, we know that Ray is a middle-aged guy with a slightly conservative background. The word “YOLO” is lost on him. It doesn’t just fail to connect; it actively pushes him away.

But Janine, who’s in her mid 30s, keeps up with the latest trends and language, even if she doesn’t use them herself. She used “YOLO” seriously when it was trendy, but now she uses it ironically. We can use it our content like she uses it in conversation.

Successful content marketing means crafting a message that connects with your audience and builds trust. Buyer personas help you categorize what you know, identify what you need to learn, and organize it all so it’s useful.

Why Create a Buyer Persona?

A buyer persona is more than just a useful tool to ensure your memes are appropriate. They help you stay focused on addressing your customer’s needs instead of your own.

For example, a skilled salesperson listens intently to a qualified prospect, biding their time and formulating sentences in their mind before they speak. The salesperson’s words are chosen with care to illustrate how their offer is relevant and worthy of the prospect’s hard-earned dollars.

Similarly, when you sit down to create your marketing material, a buyer persona focuses your thoughts on what matters to your audience before you write. With your customer’s needs at the forefront of your mind, you can make it clear how your content is relevant and worthy of your prospect’s limited time.

When you reference your buyer persona before you craft your marketing, you’re more likely to:

• Develop a product, service, or offer your customer cares about.
• Identify and address your customer’s pain points.
• Attract and retain the right customers.
• Establish yourself as a thought leader in your space.
• Recognize trends in data and strategize accordingly.

When we create a piece of content, we ask ourselves, “Is this for Ray or Janine?” Then we turn to our personas for reference to craft messaging that speaks to that person.

You know you’ve nailed your buyer persona when your target prospect reads your content and feels like it was written just for them.

How Many Personas Should You Create?

If you try to create content that appeals to everyone, it’ll turn out weak and watered down. It will be less valuable than it could be, reducing the impact on your marketing goals.

Joe Pulizzi at Content Marketing Institute says it well: “It’s incredibly difficult to monetize an audience of everyone.” If you’re talking to everyone, you’re talking to no one.

Every business needs at least one buyer persona, but your business may require several. You need a buyer persona for each distinct segment of customers, but only if their differences change your messaging, actionable data and offers.

A CEO of a small company who also manages the marketing likely has the same problems and needs as the CMO of a slightly larger company, so there’s no need for two personas. A university, however, would have distinct personas for students, parents of students, faculty, alumni and donors.

There’s no limit to how many buyer personas you can have, but I suggest keeping it as concise as possible. Most small to medium-sized businesses have between one and three. If you find yourself with more than six, either narrow your focus (you can’t serve everyone) or be less specific with how you discriminate between groups. You can always make distinctions inside your personas.

How To Create Buyer Personas

Creating buyer personas is not about making assumptions. You need qualitative and quantitative objective information. You can get this information in two ways:

• Have real conversations with prospects and clients. (Qualitative)
• Examine data on your customers’ behavior. (Quantitative)

Even if it seems like a great question, if you can’t figure out how to apply it in your customer lifecycle, get rid of it. Below is an example of a few Persona traits for the Fluxe target audience. Can you spot which two data points don’t pass the litmus test for us?

• Top magazines and websites they consume
• Number of kids they have
• Top career goals
• Educational background
• Job title

If you guessed the number of kids and educational background, you were right. Those might be actionable for some businesses, but they aren’t immediately actionable for our buyer personas.

Our Target Buyer Persona Template is an excellent place to store your data. Answer each question truthfully. If you don’t have an answer to any question or field, find it. Don’t leave this document incomplete.

Download the FREE Template

All good marketing starts with a clear understanding of your customer. This template will help you organize what you know, identify what you don’t, and serve as a resource for your entire organization.

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One quick note about our template: Customize your personas for your business, product and customer. While the template is comprehensive, it might lack a key insight specific to your audience. Feel free to amend the template as you see fit.

Now let’s dive into the buyer persona template. I’ll explain each box for you to complete.

1. Name, Face and Description

It may seem silly to create fictional people to organize your information, but it helps us think about our personas as real people instead of spreadsheet rows. It also simplifies team communication. You can say “We’re putting this offer together for Emily,” or “We’re writing that article for Hank.”

Start by giving each persona a name that fits their avatar. If your customer is a 19 year old girl in California, I guarantee her name isn’t Agnus.

Further, attach a photo of your buyer persona to the template. You can use a stock photo or something you find through a Google search. The face should match your customer. If you’re selling to women over 60, the photo should be of a woman over 60.

A word of caution: Avoid using a photo of someone you know, even if that person is your ideal customer. It’s too easy for your relationship with that person to influence the persona.

Next, summarize your buyer persona in a few sentences. Include basic information that sets the scene. The purpose is to introduce the persona to someone who hasn’t “met” your customer.

This is a brief, high-level view of who they are, what they do, and what they want. Don’t get bogged down by details yet.

Here’s an example:

Maggie is a 33 year-old professional living in an affluent area. She’s the marketing manager at a medium-sized company. She feels overworked by little, repetitive tasks.

Since the description is a summary, it’s easiest to write after you’ve completed the rest of the buyer persona template. I’ve included it first because that’s how someone would read the document.

2. Demographics

Demographics are helpful for starting to get to know our target audience. They don’t give us specifics but they do help us deepen our search.

Check out the gif below. I think of demographics as zooming halfway into that picture below. You know the general area but not enough to know exactly who your persona is if you met them on the street.

via GIFER

A high school-educated 22 year-old woman from Detroit making $30,000/year lives a different life than a 50 year-old man from Beverly Hills making $175,000/year. Those two people have unique problems that require specialized solutions and messaging.

Here’s a good starting point for demographic info to include in your persona:

• Job Title.
• Industry.
• Education.
• Location.
• Gender.
• Age.
• Income.
• Family (If relevant).
• Decision maker? Yes/no.

That said, don’t lean too heavily on demographics. Even within demographics, people have unique needs. We need insights that help us connect, so it’s time to drill deeper.

3. Mindset

Next, we need insights that explain what’s going on in your customer’s head. We want to know how they think, what problems they face, and what solutions they expect.

Complete each mindset category thoroughly. Most people have multiple goals. Write down everything you know, even if it doesn’t directly relate to your product or service, because it helps you understand the person better.

• Goals — What is this person trying to achieve?
• Problems/Pain — What problems does this person have?
• Solutions — What type of solutions does he/she expect?
• Objections — Why wouldn’t this customer use your solution?

4. Before and After

Before customers buy a product or service, they experience a problem. After they buy, that pain is relieved. Customers are really buying the transformation between those two states.

As marketers, our job is to help people transition from a before state to an after state. So it’s important to know what the customer looks like before they buy your product/service and what they look like after. This helps you craft messaging that bridges those two states.

The Before and After grid asks five questions. Answer each question twice — once in regards to the customer’s before state and once in terms of their after state.

• What does the customer have right now? (e.g. Acne / no acne)
• What is the customer feeling? (e.g. Insecure and embarrassed / confident and outgoing)
• What is the customer’s average day like? (e.g. Lots of facial care and stress / Easy facial care and calm)
• What is the customer’s nature? (e.g. Introverted / extroverted)
• What is their paradigm change? (e.g. Isolated shut-in / Carefree socialite)

5. Customer Journey

Click the image for a closer view.

Your customer’s wants and needs change as they become aware of their own problem and the solutions available. They go through three basic phases:

1. Awareness — The customer is aware they have a problem, but is just becoming familiar with it.
2. Consideration — The customer understands her problem and is hunting solutions.
3. Decision — The customer understands the solution she needs and is selecting a provider.

We go through these stages for every problem, but it usually happens quickly. For example:

1. “I have hot dogs but no buns.” (Awareness)
2. “I need to find a store with hot dog buns.” (Consideration)
3. “I’ll get hot dog buns at the convenience store down the block.” (Decision)

In that example, the journey happened instantly. Online, it takes more time, so you have to offer content that speaks to your customers when they’re in different parts of the journey. If your messaging, imagery and offers don’t align with your customer’s stage in the awareness journey, they won’t connect with it.

For instance, let’s say you’re a lawyer signing people up for personal injury cases. Someone comes to your website trying to determine if they have a case, but you immediately push for an over-the-phone consultation.

The prospect isn’t ready for that yet. They need to understand their own problem before they’re willing to consider solutions.

On the buyer persona template, fill out your customers’ status during each of the three phases of the customer journey.

6. Triggers

Click the image for a closer view.

A trigger is an event that causes the customer to take action. By understanding triggers, we can directly connect with people experiencing problems we can solve and position our offers to solve very specific and relevant problems.

We want to focus on triggers with the highest impact and predictability. A job promotion has a big impact on someone’s life, but we can’t predict it. A birthday is predictable, but isn’t impactful (unless you’re selling birthday gifts for 8 year olds).

There are three types of triggers: Internal, external and seasonal.

Internal triggers are thoughts, ideas or feelings that happen within a person and that lead to seeking a solution. On your template, answer each of the internal trigger questions.

• What are their dreams and desires?
• What’s too hard, too expensive, or too time-consuming?
• What’s disappointing, annoying, stressful, or frustrating?
• What changes, events, seasons, or phases do they fear?
• What changes, events, seasons, or phases do they look forward to?
• What mistakes do they frequently make?
• What do they avoid? What do they seek?
• What do they secretly wish was true?
• Where will they lose power, influence, or control if things don’t get better?
• What do they think other people think about them?

External triggers are events and circumstances outside of the customer’s control that spur them to seek a solution. On your buyer persona template, answer each of the internal trigger questions.

• What tasks are they assigned by authority figures?
• Where are they (or systems, processes, or events) likely to fail?
• What major events, gatherings, or meetings do they attend?
• What immediate roadblocks do they have to clear?
• What features, tools, or systems do they complain about?
• What consequences or changes in status do they fear or welcome?
• What is their worst-case scenario? How would they get there?
• How would other people react if they knew the customer’s situation?
• What event would create chaos? What event would solve everything?
• If they had unlimited power, what would they change?

Seasonal triggers are easy-to-predict events that create opportunities for smart marketing. A birthday is a common seasonal trigger, but your industry surely has predictable months, days or times when customers are more likely to buy.

There’s only one question on the worksheet to answer: What happens regularly that affects their purchasing habits?

7. Language

We may speak the same language, but the words we use vary depending on our interests, goals, status, feelings, subgroups and a million other variables. Take note of words, phrases, clichés or language patterns your customers use.

Do they use text-message abbreviations? Religious references? Are they comfortable with stock market shorthand? Do they use Latin concepts? Maybe they communicate by passing memes.

8. Communities

People behave most authentically around other people like them. Someone who loves cars will be themselves at a car show. Similarly, someone who loves real estate will be genuine in a Facebook group for real estate investors and agents.

We can learn about the people we serve by understanding where they spend time. To get a deep understanding of your customer, we need to visit those places and people. But first we have to find them.

When Yuji Yokoya was assigned as the chief engineer to redesign the Toyota Sienna minivan, he started by visiting every state and province in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. He also visited with minivan owners to find out exactly what they loved and hated about their minivans.

Customers, businesses and products change, and your knowledge will become more refined over time. It’s important to review your personas regularly and update them for accuracy and completeness.

9. Other Information

There’s no limit to what you can include (as long as it’s actionable!). Make notes for traits that might spark insights or ideas that need refining before you place them in a category.

Never Stop Improving Your Persona

Once you have built your personas, you’ll find yourself relying on them often. You’ll share them with your entire organization.

Customers, businesses and products change, and your knowledge will become more refined over time. So it’s important to review your personas regularly and update them for accuracy and completeness.

Going Forward

Content is most effective when it’s crafted for a specific person with a specific problem. By creating thoughtful buyer personas, you can identify your customers’ problems, challenges, desires and motivations. Then you can use that data to craft messaging that connects with prospects and turns them into customers.

Download the FREE Template

All good marketing starts with a clear understanding of your customer. This template will help you organize what you know, identify what you don’t, and serve as a resource for your entire organization.

DOWNLOAD